Construction of a frame wooden house: construction of walls, roof and foundation

Before you start building your house, you should decide on the technology for its construction. The choice depends primarily on the cost of money and time for the future new building. A frame house is a low-rise prefabricated housing built on a wood or metal structure.

Mounted wooden frame of a cottage

Every year it is gaining popularity due to the fact that it is less susceptible to external influences, warm, light, and has a modern attractive appearance.

Advantages

Wooden frame housing is not inferior in quality to brick houses or concrete houses, and in some respects it surpasses them:

Pre-fabricated. This is achieved thanks not only to the low weight of all the parts of the future building, but also to their design features. The absence of so-called wet operations allows finishing to be carried out at any time of the year.
Design option for a two-story frame house
The light weight of the house using rigid materials significantly reduces the likelihood of damage from design errors and exposure to external adverse factors. The building is less at risk of uneven settlement as a result of heaving or soil shifting.
Saving on laying the foundation. The weight of the structure is such that it does not require the installation of a powerful, and therefore expensive, foundation.
The possibility of implementing a variety of solutions, and the redistribution of weight does not lead to a violation of the integrity or a decrease in the strength of the frame dwelling.
Rapid heating of all rooms of the house, ensured by high thermal protection of the entire building.
The vapor permeability of the walls is almost at the level of classic wooden houses. It creates the effect of a “breathing home”, which is very important for a comfortable stay.
Scheme of the vapor permeability structure of a frame house
Maintainability. All elements of the building can be repaired, including the foundation. A lightweight hull (usually less than 20 tons) can be jacked up and repairs made to the foundation.
Thanks to the small thickness of the walls, an optimal ratio of the total space occupied by the building and useful living space has been achieved.
Relatively low cost of construction, attractive appearance.

The disadvantage of frame housing, like all wooden buildings, is the fire hazard. And if you use cheap materials containing phenol-formaldehyde resins for finishing, then there is no need to talk about environmental safety. Therefore, when building a house, you should select building materials very carefully.

Cutting “into the bowl” and “into the paw”: which option to choose?

As mentioned above, Russian logging offers two options for laying logs, which have significant differences. Cutting “into a bowl” has a good aesthetic effect; a house cut down using this method has an original Russian, “decorative” appearance. Another advantage of such cutting is good thermal insulation of the home. The disadvantages of felling by hand include excessive consumption of wood and a reduction in the internal space of the house.

Cutting “into a bowl” provides excellent protection of the ends of the house from the wind

Cutting “in the paw”, in which the logs are connected at the ends, has an important advantage: a house built in this way does not lose anything in terms of interior space. The disadvantage of felling “in the paw” is poor thermal insulation; joining logs end to end does not provide reliable protection from wind and cold. Special finishing materials will help to cope with this problem: natural caulking or a more modern and effective option - acrylic sealants for wood.

Main components

The frame of a low-rise wooden structure consists of:

foundation;
bottom trim beams;
Scheme of the construction of a wooden frame house
door frame racks;
beams above the frame;
vertical corner posts;
braces;
connecting cross bars;
basement and attic floors of the house.

Vertical posts can be corner or intermediate. The purpose of both is to connect the upper and lower trims. This is usually done using the following methods: using metal corners or using a full cut and dowels. The slopes are used to ensure that the frame does not warp or change its position when exposed to strong winds.

Steel perforated fasteners for timber

The wooden parts of a log house are traditionally connected and fastened together using mortise, notches, tenons, grooves of various configurations, as well as steel construction staples and nails.

In recent years, steel perforated fasteners have appeared on the construction market, specifically designed for connecting wooden parts in construction.

When developing the designs and sizes of connectors, the standard sizes of wooden parts that are widely used in construction, as well as the loads that wooden parts usually withstand, were taken into account.

Perforated steel fasteners support a wooden beam.

For example, the article above has repeatedly emphasized the need to attach floor beams to the frame beams without notches in order to ensure easy replacement of floor beams and not weaken the frame.

The use of metal supports for attaching beams to the framing beams makes it possible to easily solve this problem and, in some cases, simplify the design of the basement of the house.

The beam support is made of galvanized steel 2.5 mm thick. with high strength values.

The metal part of the support must cover at least 2/3 of the height of the beam.

The dimensions of the “mouth” of the steel support must correspond to the width of the beam, and the height of the support is chosen to be at least 2/3 of the height of the beam.

The steel support is screwed to the wooden parts with self-tapping screws. The load-bearing capacity of the beam connector is equal to the sum of the load-bearing capacities of the screws with which the support is attached to the beam.

In order to fully utilize the load-bearing capacity of the connector, self-tapping screws are screwed into each hole of the steel support. If this is not necessary, then screws must be screwed into the beam into the top and bottom and then into every second hole. In the strapping beam, self-tapping screws are screwed into each hole in the row located closer to the beam.

The length of the screws is chosen equal to half the width of the beam. The diameter of the screws should be slightly smaller than the size of the holes in the steel support.

Instead of self-tapping screws, you can use rough nails. Regular nails with a smooth surface cannot be used.

The gap between the end of the beam and the trim beam is allowed no more than 3 mm.

You can use perforated steel fasteners in other structures of a log house. For example, it is convenient to replace construction staples with fastening plates or angles.

A wide variety of steel perforated fasteners are produced for a wide variety of components of wooden structures.

Of course, you can admire the art of our ancestors, who built without a single nail. But taking their example and trying to repeat it now hardly makes sense.

Modern technologies make it possible to do a lot faster, stronger, and cheaper. For example, it is convenient to connect a beam or timber along its length using such a gerbera connector.

Materials

If you plan to build a wooden house, then the following basic elements should be made of wood:

timber for the embedded crown, top trim and side posts of the structure;
boards for crossbars and rough sheathing of the frame;
bars for supporting slopes.

In addition to wood, the installation of the house is carried out using materials for the roof, interior and exterior decoration of the walls of the house, vapor barrier, and insulation.

Scheme of flooring in a frame house

We should not forget about antiseptics, as well as fire retardants for wood processing. The roof is usually made of flexible Finnish tiles. The finishing of a frame dwelling, imitating wooden beams, looks very attractive. For thermal insulation, foam plastic or mineral wool is used. The insulation on the outside of the walls is protected with moisture-resistant plywood and cement-bonded particle boards.

Ladder

A necessary structural element of a structure with two or more floors is a staircase. The staircase system must be comfortable, beautiful and safe, therefore it is designed according to established standards.

Staircases can be marching and spiral, corner, with two U-shaped platforms, single and multi-flight. The development of a load-bearing structure made of wood is carried out taking into account the area and layout of the house.

According to building regulations, the dimensions of the steps must be 300x150 mm (width and height), which corresponds to the average human step. The standard width of a flight of stairs is 0.9-1.2 meters. The steps are attached to support beams, which can be stringer, columnar, or bowstring-shaped. For safety of movement, railings consisting of handrails and balusters should be installed. The first are mounted on top, the second - vertically and act as a fence for the entire staircase.

Construction of a frame wooden house

To become the owner of a frame home, you can buy ready-made elements made at the factory, transport them home and assemble them. This is called panel technology, the advantage of which is determined by the speed of construction of a new building. It requires the use of a crane to install ready-made panels and, as a rule, pouring a strip foundation.

The project of a 6 by 6 wooden panel house can be built with your own hands from scratch, which will cost much less, and the homeowner will receive great satisfaction from the implementation of his ideas during the construction process.

Drawing for building a frame cottage

The frame of the home can be made of metal beams. But they are not used very often. This is due to the fact that metal is much more expensive than wood, and lifting equipment is needed to install the structure.

The use of wooden beams allows you to build a house yourself, without the involvement of qualified builders and special equipment. As with the construction of any building, the frame of the future building is worked out on paper or in a special computer program. The project can be developed by the home craftsman himself; special skills are not required. In the drawing, all the elements of the future house are developed, their dimensions, fit, connection methods, and fastening of the main parts.

When performing construction work, you cannot do without the following tools and materials:

hammer, nails, screws;
metal brackets;
beams, beams, boards and logs;
Fastening frame beams and floor joists
cement bonded particle boards or OSB;
roofing felt;
cement, sand and shovels.

Foundation

Construction begins with laying the foundation. Due to the low weight of a wooden building, it can be light strip or columnar. Having chosen one option or another, the territory is marked.

The pit for the foundation strip should be of such a size that it itself is 5–7 centimeters wider than the wall and goes into the ground by about 30 cm.

A 5 cm sand cushion is poured onto the bottom of the dug trench and compacted. It is necessary in order to reduce the influence of shifting soil layers. Then the pit is reinforced with formwork made of boards or other sheet material. After this, the reinforcement is mounted on the rods. They are driven into the ground in order to support the reinforcing mesh, for the installation of which you can use the longitudinal metal parts of unsuitable bicycles or baby strollers.

Ready-made strip-column foundation for a frame house

They are connected using metal wire. The home craftsman can prepare and pour the cement mortar himself using high grade cement, water, sand, plasticizer, crushed stone or gravel in certain proportions. Before installing the frame, the finished foundation must be covered with waterproofing material.

If a basement or basement is not planned under the house, then a columnar foundation is used. Concrete, brick or metal pillars are installed at the corners of the future building, as well as at the intersection of internal and external walls. From above, these elements are combined with a thick strapping beam on which the structure will stand. The piping is isolated from the foundation supports with two layers of roofing material.

Otherwise, condensation may appear in places where the wood comes into contact with concrete, brick or metal, and the wood will begin to rot.

Harness

To install the lower and upper trim, a beam measuring 150x150 mm is required. It can be made of oak, larch or pine. It is pre-treated with a fire retardant and an antiseptic solution. The corners are aligned according to the tongue-and-groove principle with a tight fit, without gaps.

You can connect using metal fasteners, but when they come into contact with wood, they oxidize and eventually cause wood to rot.

As a result, the entire structure loses its original strength. The frame is mounted on the lower frame. It should occupy the entire perimeter of the strip or column foundation, to which it is attached with anchor bolts. For greater strength, when pouring concrete or installing piles at the corners of the foundation, metal pins can be concreted to secure the strapping frame to the foundation base.

When the strengthening of the lower trim is completed, you need to make sure that it is laid strictly horizontally. Later, structural distortions are very difficult to correct. Now you can lay the floor joists.

Vertical support beams along the length should provide a ceiling at a height of approximately 2.7 m. Above - there may be problems with heating, below - it will be stuffy in the summer.

They are placed in the corners, and between them there are intermediate ones.

Initially, the vertical posts are strengthened with temporary bevels, two for each support, but after installing the top trim, they are replaced with permanent ones. To install the ceiling frame, beams with grooves are used. When it is ready, it is placed on vertical posts and nailed. Ceiling beams are placed in grooves and secured with steel brackets or angles.

Walls

It is preferable that the board for warm walls be at least 10 cm thick.

Drawing of the construction of the walls of a frame cottage

And the choice of material for insulating a house is determined by the preferences of the owner. Nowadays, polystyrene foam is recognized as the highest quality insulation material. It is inexpensive, breathable, and is a good heat insulator.

It does not bunch up in the insulation niche or slide down, as happens with mineral wool. After which the walls are finished from the inside, often with clapboard. Installed double or triple glazed windows also help retain heat.

Roof

Initially, a strong beam is laid on which all other elements will rest. The rafters are connected with nails and at an angle in the shape of the letter “A”.

An example of fastening the roof rafters of a frame roof

Then a sheathing is made, knocked together from boards one from another at a distance of 10 cm. Its upper part is covered with roofing felt using a construction stapler. On top of it, starting from the bottom, a profiled sheet, slate or tile is laid overlapping.

After completing the flooring, the ridge strip should be reinforced with self-tapping screws. Catchments with drainage are made along the edges of the roof. After this procedure, doors and windows are installed, a porch is built, and, if desired, an attic.

Construction timber with natural humidity

It is advantageous to build country houses, bathhouses and inexpensive houses for permanent residence from freshly sawn timber with natural humidity.

Such lumber is much cheaper than profiled or laminated timber. Assembling the walls of a house from construction timber is quite simple and, if certain rules are followed, allows you to build a reliable and durable house.

Houses made from laminated veneer lumber, of course, are of higher quality and more comfortable. Often they do not require additional wall insulation. Ready to move in faster. However, remember the basic rule of the market - quality costs money.

Do I need to dry the timber?

The purchased timber should not be dried. During natural drying in a stack, lumber is greatly deformed - it bends, twists like a corkscrew. It is almost impossible to construct smooth walls with tight seams from such warped timber.

After manufacturing, the timber should be laid into the walls as quickly as possible. The timber dries out while it is in the wall. In the wall, the beams are fastened together and are in a fixed position. The deformation of the timber when drying in the wall is less significant.

Buy freshly made timber , sawn from winter-cut timber. Do not buy stale timber from storage and do not store it yourself for a long time.

When dry, the beams decrease in size, become thinner and shorter. Wood compresses especially strongly in the direction across the grain. The height of the wall as the timber dries may decrease by 7-10%.

The process of drying timber in the wall continues for quite a long time. Finally, the timber reaches equilibrium moisture content within 3-5 years. Humidity decreases especially strongly in the first year of drying. Throughout this time, the dimensions of the timber also change.

When drying, deep cracks appear in the timber, into which water and cold easily penetrate.

These properties of building timber must be seriously taken into account when constructing timber houses.

For example, you can lay floors, sheathe ceilings, and finish the inside of an attic without waiting for the frame to shrink. Doors and windows are installed immediately, making sure to leave shrinkage gaps.

But it’s better to insulate and finish the walls outside and inside, install a permanent staircase, install a stove, and make frame partitions inside after a year or two, when the shrinkage of the log house is basically finished .

If the walls made of timber are not sheathed, then one or two edges of the timber are planed or ground and chamfered from the edges before laying in the wall.

Preparatory work

The list of preparatory work includes primarily:

drawing up a plan (project) for a future home,
calculation and purchase of building materials,
preparation of necessary construction tools,
building a foundation for a house.

A well-designed project will allow you to correctly calculate construction and consumable materials. Only completely dried wood (timber, boards, etc.) is suitable for use in frame construction.

The foundation must be prepared in advance and gain the necessary strength. Before starting work, the foundation grillage is checked with a horizontal level and, if necessary, leveled.

Which design is better?

Frame and panel structures have the same structure, in other words, they have a frame. However, there is a fundamental difference during the construction of these buildings, which is important when choosing any design option for frame-type houses.

A frame panel house is built from panels that are completely ready for use and created at the factory.

Scheme of a panel house.

They are installed on a ready-made foundation. Almost always, the installation of a panel house is done on a strip foundation.

The construction of a panel building necessarily requires special equipment. To transport the boards, you cannot do without a truck; most often, a long length is used.

You will need to rent a crane to install the panels to lay the roof of the house. Construction will require a team of workers. All this will cause additional cash costs.

Before you begin installing the panels at home, you need to first make a base.

System requirements

To properly install a rafter system with your own hands, you must take into account a certain set of rules. Without taking them into account, the structure will not be able to effectively resist negative influences from the outside.

First of all, it is worth considering strength. All elements must withstand the load without destruction . The design of the roof truss system involves a preliminary calculation of the load-bearing structures according to the first limit state. It is he who checks the elements of the rafter system for strength.

The rafter system must be strong and rigid

The second requirement is rigidity . The maximum deflection is taken into account here. The roof structure of a wooden house or any other should not sag too much. The permissible deformations in the middle of the span are equal to the length of this span divided by 200. Before construction begins, the structure of the rafter system must be calculated according to the second group of limit states - for rigidity.

Do-it-yourself roof raftering is done taking into account that the structure is light in weight. Otherwise, the load on the walls and foundations increases greatly. It is for this reason that wood has become widespread as a base material. The wooden rafter system has sufficient strength, but weighs relatively little. Attention should be paid not only to the roof structure, but also to choosing the right roofing material. It shouldn't be too heavy. Ceramic tiles have lost their popularity not only because of the cost, but also because the roof of the house, its walls and foundations must be reinforced to accommodate it.

The weight of the roofing material for a wooden rafter structure should not be too large

Special requirements are placed on the quality of the material. The production of wooden elements should be made only from good raw materials. It is worth considering the following recommendations:

For the main elements, grade 1 or 2 wood is used. Grade 3 can only be used for sheathing and other small parts.
It is recommended to make rafter structures for pitched roofs from coniferous trees. They are more resistant to rot and other problems because they contain resin. With the same cross-section, the permissible span for hardwood will be less.
Before starting work, all elements must be treated with an antiseptic. This stage of preparation allows you to prevent many troubles in the future. You can also treat the wood with fire retardants if desired. This will increase fire resistance.
It is better to purchase wood from the northern regions, which is harvested in winter. This material is of the highest quality.

Screw foundation

This type of foundation is also called pile foundation. It is suitable for mountainous areas, mobile soils (for example, sandy, marshy), with high groundwater levels.

The piles have a drill at the end, which is screwed in to the required depth, then they are filled with concrete. A metal grillage is welded on top of the screws, which allows the structure to be connected.

Strip foundation

This type of foundation is poured with concrete along the entire perimeter of the residential structure. Pouring begins after a pit has been dug under it, a sand-cement cushion has been installed, formwork has been installed, and there is the required amount of reinforcement that is needed to bind the concrete.

The width of the concrete pour should exceed the width of the future walls by at least 5 cm. In some places, pipes are laid along the width of the foundation for ventilation and laying communications.

Roof and roofing

Before you start installing the roof of a private house, you need to distinguish between two concepts. Non-professionals are often confused, but builders clearly distinguish between the definitions of roof and roofing. The roof is the entire structure that separates the building from the street above. The roof structure of a private house includes rafters, all other load-bearing elements, thermal insulation material, and roofing .

Rafters - load-bearing roof structures

The roof is the top part of the roof. It is also a roof covering. The installation of a roof requires careful selection of materials. After all, the reliability of waterproofing and comfort of living will depend on it.

Wall decoration

A log house should dry and shrink within a year and a half. During this period, it cannot be heated and intensive ventilation of the premises must be ensured. If the wood was very wet, additional antiseptic treatment of the logs may be required. After the shrinkage is completed, caulking begins.

Caulking works

Their cost is quite significant - say, in the Moscow region it is about 60 thousand rubles. for a five-wall log house 6 × 8 m. It is necessary to caulk the house “in a circle”, crown by crown, otherwise the walls may sway. If you planned to sand the logs, this must be done before caulking.

Some companies use sphagnum moss for caulking. This is more of a publicity stunt aimed at supporters of “green construction”. Tow is also a natural material, but it is more durable, cheaper and easier to work with than moss.

Exterior painting

Today there is no shortage of paints and varnishes for wooden facades, but you need to choose the composition very carefully. The manufacturer must guarantee that the coating will last at least 5 years. In this case, you should make test paints on fragments of the walls and, after the composition has completely dried, examine the result in different lighting, otherwise there is a risk of making a mistake with the color.

Interior decoration

For the interior decoration of a wooden house, interior oils and varnishes are used. It is not advisable to cover log walls with clapboards - this measure is resorted to only if the house needs to be insulated.

For interior decoration, sliding lathing is used

In wet areas, a sliding sheathing is installed (regardless of how long the log house stood before), and then sheet material (gypsum plasterboard, FSF plywood) is attached, which serves as the basis for tiles or mosaics.

Installation of the roof of a wooden house, its insulation, finishing and repair